20: Example 1: Testing for a dihybrid ratio

Recall that in a dihybrid cross, you expect a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes — if you don’t
recall this, you can review it in the module called "Counting Mice with Fangs".
In that module, we considered two (hypothetical!) genes in mice. T and t coded for normal
teeth or vampire fangs, respectively, and F and f coded for smooth or fuzzy fur, respectively.

A dihybrid mouse would have one copy of each of the 4 alleles and would look completely normal:
normal mouse However, if
two such mice mated, they would have offspring that showed the whole range of possible phenotypes:
normal ( normal mouse),
fanged (fanged mouse),
fuzzy (fizzy mouse), and
fuzzy and fanged (fuzzy fanged mouse).
Furthermore, these phenotypes should appear in approximately the ratio 9:3:3:1, resulting in a nursery
that looks something like this (if 16 babies were born):

normal mouse normal mouse normal mouse fuzzy mouse
normal mouse normal mouse normal mouse fuzzy mouse
normal mouse normal mouse normal mouse fuzzy mouse
fanged mouse fanged mouse fanged mouse fuzzy fanged mouse

But, as we discussed in that module, the process of generating new mice is random, so the
ratio will not be exact. Now we have the tools to test whether an actual litter approximates
the 9:3:3:1 ratio.

If Mr. and Mrs. Mouse are both heterozygous for both traits (TtFf), then their
offspring should follow the 9:3:3:1 ratio. So if they had 30 babies, how of each type would
you expect?

mouse deer

all normal

fanged

fuzzy

fuzzy and fanged

Mr. and Mrs. Mouse have 15 normal, 7 fanged, 6 fuzzy, and 2 fuzzy
fanged babies. Does Mr. Mouse have any cause for jealousy?

observed ("o") expected ("e") (o-e) (o-e)2 (o-e)2/e
normal
fanged
fuzzy
fuzzy fanged
Total 30 30    
Check